Social returns from education: A systematic analysis with forward and backward effects

Education has reported direct and indirect effects on the quality of life of individuals and society as a whole. The most significant factors that differ one individual from another are their educational level, with special attention to the returns that the education brings to the economic base, such as increased productivity and income of qualified workers. However, the educational return rate, from an economic point of view, is not always positive or high enough to justify such a difference between years of study. From this point of view, the purpose of this work is to question the non-economic effects of education. Investigating the traditional sources of educational impact from a non-marketing perspective. For this, a systematic review of studies on the non-economic effects of education will be carried out, compiling the main productions in the area that show the effect of schooling on social well-being, in order to demonstrate the effects of schooling that are not reflected in the estimates. of market returns. For this, we will use as a method the forward and backward effect from one of the most renowned journals in the subject: The Journal of Human Capital.