Vietnam's sovereignty over the Hoang SA Islands in the time of King Minh Mang through the geography curriculum system from primary school to university level in France period 1820-1840

During the period of King Minh Mang's reign in Vietnam, perhaps the country with the most geographical publications mentioning the sovereignty of the Paracels/Hoang Sa archipelago in the world was France. In particular, France seems to be the only country with a geography curriculum system that fully, consistently and synchronously recognizes the Hoang Sa archipelago as belonging to Vietnam's sovereignty at all educational levels, from elementary to high school. university Geography textbooks in French recognizing Vietnam's sovereignty over the Hoang Sa archipelago cited in the article in this issue include textbooks for elementary, middle, and high school levels high school, exam preparation books for baccalaureate degrees and books for university level.